Punjabi kinship vocabulary: relationships and word forms
Read maternal and paternal distinctions in a Shahpur kinship list alongside the changing forms of father, mother and daughter in an 1851 grammar.
Language · A guide to the archive
Explore kinship, greetings, counting, calendars, colours, food, farming, directions and expressions through source-linked reading guides.
Choose a subject, then follow a paragraph citation to the selected table or passage. Read across a table before extracting a word: a shared gloss, grouping mark or qualification can change how an entry should be understood. Establish whether an example comes from a historical description, a constructed teaching dialogue or an attributed explanation. Keep the source spelling when recording a form, and distinguish a written figure from a word for quantity or position. An approximate month range needs further evidence before it becomes an exact date. Use the linked guides to practise these reading steps and to identify which questions need another source.
An intentional selection
Read maternal and paternal distinctions in a Shahpur kinship list alongside the changing forms of father, mother and daughter in an 1851 grammar.
Explore three written greetings in a New Zealand public resource, then compare questions about names and home in Wilson’s historical Shahpur grammar.
Distinguish Gurmukhi figures, number names and ordinal positions through two historical grammars, including Shahpur variants and counting conventions.
Read relative days, weekday alternatives and approximate month correspondences in historical Punjabi tables without treating them as a date converter.
Explore colour words and animal-coat qualifications in a Shahpur dictionary, alongside the changing adjective forms of the 1851 Lodiana grammar.
Read bread, flour and prepared-food distinctions in a historical Shahpur word list, then examine food examples used to explain Punjabi constructions.
Read field and plough terms in a Shahpur list, a herdsman’s word forms in the Lodiana grammar, and a well’s changing meaning in a teaching dialogue.
Compare compass terms, rising and setting directions, and local geographical labels in two historical descriptions without turning them into boundary claims.
Read how two historical collections explain a proverb’s image, distinguishing an attributed interpretation from a literal scene or practical prediction.
Compare two attributed turban expressions with respectful reference and an interjected verb in Wilson’s grammar, keeping literal gloss and use distinct.
How we use sources, explain uncertainty and correct mistakes.
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