Two scripts, new connections
A first encounter with Punjabi, Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi. Start with history and orientation.
100 sourced entries · alphabetical directory · page 1 of 6
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Historical entries for kalam and ilam document Arabic connections, while a morphological study examines how selected loan nouns fit Punjabi grammatical patterns.
Studies using the spelling Dhani document vocabulary around Chakwal and language choices among long-settled Karachi residents. Their samples answer different questions.
A 1970 phonetic thesis and later recording and text studies document Doabi through different methods, from intonation to written word forms.
An introduction to Dogri’s literary institutions, changing public recognition and a documented digital text collection.
Studies of selected Punjabi songs and a London household show language mixing at different scales, from word endings in lyrics to changes prompted by work and cricket.
Choose a Punjabi dictionary by its language direction, script, format and search method, using two concrete records and keeping each lookup traceable.
Compare characters, reading direction and romanization without mistaking a change of script for a translation.
Recognise the three vowel bearers and match two of them with their source-checked independent vowel forms.
Practise recognising ਸ and ਹ at the beginning of two checked Punjabi words: snake and hand.
Learn the velar row visually, then distinguish ਕ and ਘ in the checked words for pen and house.
Recognise the palatal row, then use the checked spellings for tea and water to distinguish ਚ and ਜ.
Recognise the retroflex row and practise its first and third letters in the checked words for cap and box.
Learn the dental row and distinguish its first and third letters through the checked wire and dal examples.
Recognise the labial row through checked leaf and fish spellings while preserving their extra marks.
Practise the remaining basic row, especially the difference between ਰ and ੜ in night and mountain.
Begin with three source-checked letters, understand the headline and practise identifying a character without assuming English and Punjabi sounds are identical.
Recognise letters with a dot below through checked words for news and land, keeping the dot when copying.
Distinguish an unmarked consonant from one carrying kanna through checked water and net spellings.
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How we use sources, explain uncertainty and correct mistakes.
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