Dates are a starting point

Stories through time.

A selective chronology of the current reading room. Follow each dated record to its context and evidence.

This is not a complete history. Gaps reflect the source-checked entries currently available. Approximate ranges remain approximate; years are not given invented days.

All dated records appear below. Search and filters appear when the interactive tools load.

Archaeology
c. 2600–1900 BCE · approximate range
Harappa in an urban world
The major urban phase sits within a wider network of settlements and exchange.
Event scope: Harappa and the wider Indus civilisation, including present-day Pakistan and India
Evidence: The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Overview and Key Events, ca. 2600–1900 B.C.
Politics and institutions
Third century BCE · century
Royal edicts at Shahbazgarhi
Fourteen major edicts survive on two boulders, written in right-to-left Kharoshthi.
Event scope: Shahbazgarhi, in present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Evidence: Department of Archaeology and Museums, Pakistan / UNESCO World Heritage Centre · State-party submission, Description; reference 1880
Material evidence
15–16 CE · catalogued year range
Indravarman’s inscribed reliquary
The museum dates this Bajaur reliquary and its named dedication to 15–16 CE.
Event scope: Bajaur, in present-day Pakistan
Evidence: The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Object 1987.142.70a, b; translated inscription and Artwork Details
Material evidence
c. 130 CE · approximate year
A gold coin of Kanishka
A catalogued Gandharan coin provides an approximate object date, rather than an accession date.
Related article scope: Taxila and the northwest; connections with Bactria and northern India
Evidence: The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Object 99.35.3024; description and Artwork Details
Political change
c.490–540 CE · Approximate reigns in the curator’s catalogue
Toramana and Mihirakula in material evidence
Coins and inscriptions connect these Alkhan rulers with Punjab and campaigns farther into northern India.
Related article scope: Punjab, Gandhara and connected Central Asian regions
Evidence: Michael Alram; Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna / University of Vienna · Showcase 9 main text and context B–D; authorship assigned to Alram in the actual imprint
Political change
711–715 CE · Campaign range in the cited account
Campaigns reach the lower Indus and Multan
Siddiqui traces a campaign sequence; the proposed advance towards Kanauj remained uncompleted.
Event scope: Lower Indus and Multan, in present-day Pakistan
Evidence: Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui; TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi · Full actual entry, campaign-route paragraphs and uncompleted Kanauj plan; vol 30 pp 545–546
Political change
c.1175 · Approximate year; Bosworth’s chronology
Ghurid campaigns reach Multan and Uch
The advance through the Gomal route precedes the later conquest of Lahore.
Event scope: Multan and Uch, in present-day Pakistan
Evidence: C. E. Bosworth; Encyclopaedia Iranica · Vol. X/6 pp 586–590; Ghiyath/Muizz partnership, Gomal route, Multan/Uch/Lahore and commanders paragraphs
Political change
1186 · Year
Ghaznavid rule ends at Lahore
Khusrau Malik surrenders after a Ghurid siege of the dynasty’s last capital.
Event scope: Lahore, in present-day Pakistan
Evidence: C. E. Bosworth; Encyclopaedia Iranica · Vol. X/6 pp 578–583; post 1040 territorial contraction, Lahore and final rulers paragraphs; source assessment
Political change
1228 · Year in Jackson’s account
Iltutmish absorbs Qubacha’s territories
Delhi’s consolidation follows struggles among commanders and changes beyond the Indus.
Related article scope: Lahore, Multan, Sirhind and the wider historical Punjab
Evidence: Peter Jackson; Encyclopaedia Iranica · Vol. VIII/4 p 371; competing commanders,1221–1224 changes and 1228–1230 consolidation paragraphs
Political change
1398–1399 · Campaign and return years
Timur’s Indian campaign
The campaign devastates Delhi; Timur then returns to Samarkand. Regional struggles continue after his departure.
Related article scope: Punjab, Multan, Lahore, Dipalpur and the route to Delhi
Evidence: İsmail Aka; TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi · Actual entry, 1396 return and 1398–1399 Indian-campaign paragraphs
Political change
1414 · Year
Khizr Khan takes power in Delhi
The Multan-based ruler acknowledges Timurid overlordship and begins the Sayyid dynasty.
Event scope: Delhi, in present-day India
Evidence: Enver Konukçu; TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi · Vol 17 pp 415–416; 1396 loss of Multan, Timur connection, regional expansion and 1414 accession/Timurid relations
Political change
1451 · Year
Bahlul Lodi takes Delhi
His earlier provincial authority links Sirhind, Lahore and Dipalpur with the new ruling dynasty.
Event scope: Delhi, in present-day India
Evidence: Naimur Rahman Farooqi; TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi · Actual entry, Bahlul Lodi/Sirhind-Lahore-Dipalpur and final Ibrahim/Babur paragraphs
Politics and institutions
1585 · Year in the museum’s historical essay
Akbar adopts Lahore as his principal residence
A royal manuscript workshop operates at Lahore within a wider network of Mughal artists and patrons.
Event scope: Lahore, in present-day Pakistan
Evidence: Department of Islamic Art; The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Concluding paragraphs on Lahore residence in 1585, the royal atelier and collaborative manuscript painting
Literature and ideas
1589 · year
Babur’s memoir is translated into Persian
Abd al-Rahim Khan’s translation is commissioned under Akbar; later illustrated copies have their own dates.
Related article scope: Mughal texts, Punjab connections and dispersed collections
Evidence: British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue · Scope & Content; four chronological sections; Extent; Digitised Content status
Politics and institutions
1626 · Year
Jahangir is seized at the Jhelum camp
Mahabat Khan captures the emperor; the royal household later escapes his control during its return from Kabul.
Event scope: Jhelum River corridor, in present-day Pakistan
Evidence: Lisa Balabanlilar; Encyclopaedia Iranica · Vol.XIV/4 pp.375–378; mobile court, Nur Jahan, Persian memoir, Jhelum captivity and final journey paragraphs
Architecture
1641–42 · year range
Shalimar Gardens takes shape
A garden built under Shah Jahan, read through terraces and water infrastructure.
Event scope: Lahore, in present-day Pakistan
Evidence: UNESCO World Heritage Centre · Outstanding Universal Value: Brief synthesis, garden paragraphs; Integrity paragraph on 1981 joint inscription
Politics and institutions
1699 · year
The founding of the Khalsa
Guru Gobind Singh’s Baisakhi gathering at Anandpur initiates a new religious community and discipline.
Related article scope: Anandpur; Punjab and connected Sikh congregations
Evidence: Harvard University, Pluralism Project · Main text: Anandpur gathering, panj piaras, preparation of amrit and moral commitments
Politics and institutions
1733 · year
Kapur Singh receives the nawab title
The Khalsa accepts a revenue grant and nominates Kapur Singh for the title of nawab.
Related article scope: Kaloke and Singhpura; Amritsar and the Malwa
Evidence: Gurbeer Singh · Religions 12(6),390; PDF p.6, 1733 grant and subsequent organisation; DOI 10.3390/rel 12060390
Politics and institutions
1748 · year
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia becomes Dal Khalsa commander
The leadership forms part of a reorganisation of Sikh armed groups, described in his university biography.
Related article scope: Ahlu, Fatehabad, Amritsar, Lahore and Kapurthala
Evidence: Ganda Singh; Punjabi University, Encyclopaedia of Sikhism · Early life, 1748 command, 1757–1762 campaigns and final chronology
Politics and institutions
1799 · year
Lahore becomes Ranjit Singh’s capital
A dated point in the history of the Lahore court.
Event scope: Lahore, in present-day Pakistan
Evidence: Davinder Toor, The Wallace Collection · Paragraphs on marriage alliances and Sada Kaur; Lahore 1799 and anointing two years later; life dates
Politics and institutions
1801 · year
Ranjit Singh is anointed maharaja
The title and its court setting are documented in the biography’s museum sources.
Event scope: Lahore, in present-day Pakistan
Evidence: Davinder Toor, The Wallace Collection · Paragraphs on marriage alliances and Sada Kaur; Lahore 1799 and anointing two years later; life dates
Material evidence
1838 · year
Ventura gives a Ranjit Singh painting to the Louvre
The collection history records General Ventura’s gift of Alfred de Dreux’s painting in 1838.
Event scope: Louvre collection, Paris, France
Evidence: Musee du Louvre · INV4096 / LP4403; maker, inscription, date and acquisition history
Politics and institutions
29 March 1849 · day
Annexation of the Lahore kingdom
A transfer of sovereignty following earlier British intervention.
Related article scope: Lahore kingdom and British colonial Punjab
Evidence: National Army Museum · Aftermath section, first two paragraphs
Land and agriculture
From 1885 through the colonial period · period range
Irrigation and planned settlement
Canal-colony studies connect water, land tenure and policy.
Related article scope: Western districts of colonial Punjab
Evidence: Imran Ali; Princeton University Press · Book description and displayed opening chapter previews: Colonisation (pp. 8–61), Entrenchment (pp. 62–108), Militarisation (pp. 109–157)
Literature and ideas
1898 · year
Gardner’s edited memoirs appear
Hugh Pearse’s edition assembles recovered notes and recollections after Gardner’s death.
Related article scope: Lahore, the Sikh Empire and Jammu-Kashmir; reported earlier Central Asian travels
Evidence: S. K. Bajaj / Encyclopaedia of Sikhism, Punjabi University · Career summary; recovery/publication of notes; book structure
Diaspora
27 December 1903 · day in institutional history
Khalsa Diwan is established in Taiping
Its institutional account connects the gathering with Sikh religious and educational purposes.
Event scope: Taiping, in present-day Malaysia
Evidence: Khalsa Diwan Malaysia · Homepage → About us: 27 December 1903 Taiping foundation and educational purposes; Objectives: Punjabi learning/teaching
Politics and institutions
23 July 1909 · day
Madan Lal Dhingra is tried in London
A scholarly study examines the trial, its press coverage and contested accounts of imperial authority.
Event scope: London, England
Evidence: Lizzie Seal and Alexa Neale · The British Journal of Criminology 64(2), pp. 417–433; Dhingra background and trial
Literature and ideas
1909–1914 · year range
Rogers–Beveridge translation of Jahangir’s memoirs is published
The Royal Asiatic Society publishes the two-volume English translation, a later witness to the imperial narrative.
Related article scope: Mughal texts, Punjab connections and dispersed collections
Evidence: Wellcome Collection · Publication/Creation; Physical description; Contents; Available online and rights warning
Labour and migration
1911 · year
Gur Sikh Temple building is completed
Abbotsford’s community history distinguishes completion in 1911 from the opening ceremony in February 1912.
Event scope: Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
Evidence: Canadian Sikh Heritage; Sikh Heritage Museum and Gur Sikh Temple · Small Beginnings and construction paragraphs: Thandi/Singh, Mill Lake timber, 1910 heating tenders and February 1912 opening
Labour and migration
1913 · year
Ghadar takes shape on the Pacific Coast
Migrant workers and activists gather at Astoria and build a movement against British colonial rule.
Event scope: Astoria, Oregon, United States; later transnational networks
Evidence: Johanna Ogden, Oregon Historical Society and Portland State University · Complete essay, Columbia River communities, Astoria gathering and consequences
Labour and migration
21 November 1915 · day
Dedicatory services at Stockton’s temple
Van Covert Martin’s catalogued photograph identifies the date and the gathering, rather than every individual pictured.
Event scope: Stockton, California, United States
Evidence: Van Covert Martin; Holt-Atherton Special Collections, University of the Pacific Library · Catalogue record: Title, Date 1915-11-21, Photographer and Identifier P80-138
Violence and accountability
13 April 1919 · day
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
Troops under Dyer fire into an unarmed gathering at Amritsar. The article explains casualty uncertainty and inquiry.
Event scope: Amritsar, in present-day Indian Punjab
Evidence: National Army Museum · Complete collection description; NAM 1972-05-81-4-1
Literature and ideas
31 August 1919 · day
Amrita Pritam is born in Gujranwala
Follow her work through author records, writing and editions.
Event scope: Gujranwala, in present-day Pakistan
Evidence: Rekhta Foundation · Profile fields: born, died, birthplace; introductory author description
Literature and arts
May 1920 · month in family-history study
Nanak Singh’s Khooni Vaisakhi is published
Navdeep Singh Suri dates the poem’s first publication to the year after Jallianwala Bagh.
Related article scope: Peshawar; Amritsar
Evidence: Navdeep Singh Suri; Sikh Research Journal 6(1), Spring 2021 · PDF p.1 issue date; printed pp.1–3 / PDF pp.2–4, introduction and The Poet; printed p.2 recovery/republication paragraph; references printed pp.11–12
Diaspora
1932 · year in council history
A Sikh cremation reserve is allocated near Perth
The City of Canning records the reserve in what is now Adenia Park.
Event scope: Canning, near Perth, Western Australia
Evidence: City of Canning · Historic Landmarks → Former Sikh Cremation Site: 1932 reserve, 1977 cancellation, 1992 memorial and 2018 heritage trail
Literature and arts
January 1935 · month in museum catalogue
Amrita Sher-Gil paints Group of Three Girls
The National Gallery of Modern Art dates the oil painting in its collection to January 1935.
Related article scope: Budapest, India and Lahore
Evidence: Museums of India · National Gallery of Modern Art collection record
Education
1940 · year in university account
Anna Molka Ahmed establishes a fine arts department
A Punjab University college tribute dates its Lahore department’s establishment to 1940.
Event scope: Lahore, in present-day Pakistan
Evidence: University of the Punjab · Issue 2, printed p. 4 / PDF p. 6: Anna Molka Ahmed tribute
Partition
5 March 1947 · day in museum chronology
Violence reaches Rawalpindi
The Partition Museum places the city’s outbreak amid a wider provincial political crisis.
Event scope: Rawalpindi, in present-day Pakistan
Evidence: The Partition Museum · Punjab chronology, March 1947 provincial crisis and 5 March outbreak in Rawalpindi
Partition
12 August 1947 · day on transcribed report
Radcliffe dates the Punjab boundary award
The award described a boundary and acknowledged consequences for shared infrastructure.
Event scope: Boundary between the future East and West Punjab
Evidence: Punjab Boundary Commission · Report paragraphs 1–8, signed decision and annexure
Labour and migration
1947 · year
Punjab is partitioned
The Indian Independence Act divides the province into East and West Punjab; a boundary award determines their territories.
Event scope: Punjab, divided between India and Pakistan
Evidence: UK Parliament · Original Act, printed pp. 1–3, sections 1–4; PDF pp. 3–5
Politics and institutions
8 April 1950 · day in contemporary cable
Nehru reports an agreement with Liaquat Ali Khan
A cable summarises minority protections and provisions for migrants after Partition.
Related article scope: Punjab
Evidence: Jawaharlal Nehru · Cable, 8 April 1950, opening and numbered point 1
Literature and arts
1950 · year in published account
Amrita Pritam’s Pinjar appears
The novel explores Partition and violence against women through fiction.
Related article scope: Gujranwala; Delhi; Punjabi literature
Evidence: DD India · 31 August 2023; paragraphs on works, Progressive Writers, Pinjar and Sunehade
Politics and institutions
21 July 1952 · day in cabinet note
Nehru considers PEPSU’s boundaries
A cabinet note discusses territorial fragmentation and political concerns about changes.
Related article scope: Punjab
Evidence: Jawaharlal Nehru · 21 July 1952 note, paragraph 3 and editorial footnotes 3–4
Diaspora
1952 · year in family account
Genda and Chanan Singh buy a New Zealand farm
A descendant recounts the purchase.
Event scope: New Zealand
Evidence: Charin Jeet Singh, family contributor; Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand · Image caption and descendant contribution: Chanan’s 1938 arrival, 1948 family return and 1952 farm near Wanganui; contributor identified as Genda’s great-grandson
Water and environment
19 September 1960 · day
Indus Waters Treaty signed in Karachi
India, Pakistan and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development signed the agreement, which entered into force in 1961.
Event scope: Signed in Karachi, Pakistan; agreement between India and Pakistan
Evidence: United Nations Treaty Collection · Registration and entry into force
Land and agriculture
1963 · year
Semi-dwarf wheat material arrives for trials in India
Breeding material arrives in India for trials of semi-dwarf wheat varieties.
Related article scope: Indian Punjab within wider Indian and international research networks
Evidence: CIMMYT · Main account, Mexican semi-dwarf material, 1963 visit, trials, model farms and seed imports
Politics and institutions
1 November 1966 · day
Punjab’s reorganisation takes effect
The Act creates Haryana and Chandigarh and transfers specified territories.
Event scope: Indian Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh and transferred hill territories
Evidence: Parliament of India; Government of Haryana reproduction · PDF pp. 1–4, sections 2(b), 3–6
Scientific lives
1968 · year
Har Gobind Khorana’s Nobel Prize
A scientific career connecting education, research institutions and the genetic code.
Related article scope: Punjab; Britain; Canada; United States
Evidence: Bob Mitchell, University of Wisconsin–Madison · 11 November 2011; paragraphs on 1960 appointment, 1968 prize, 1970/1976 synthesis and 2007 scholars programme
Diaspora
April 1969 · month in heritage account
Toronto’s Pape Gurdwara is established
Heritage Toronto connects the gathering place with Sikh community networks across Ontario.
Event scope: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Evidence: Heritage Toronto · Pape Gurdwara subsection, April 1969 establishment, 269 Pape Avenue and visitors from other Ontario cities; 24 November 2024 photo caption
Language and literary institutions
1969 · year
Sahitya Akademi recognises Dogri
Recognition supports Dogri literary activity through awards, publications and events, as described in a dated institutional account.
Related article scope: Jammu and neighbouring north Indian regions
Evidence: Press Information Bureau, Government of India · 19 February 2010 feature; Living Language and Sustained Progress sections
Architecture
1969 · year
Victoria’s gurdwara building is replaced
A new structure continues an institution established on Topaz Avenue in 1912.
Event scope: Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Evidence: Khalsa Diwan Society of Victoria · 1912–1969 and 100 years anniversary in 2012 sections: original Griffith building, replacement and centennial
Language and literary institutions
1971 · year
Dogri research cell begins at the University of Jammu
A research cell develops into a centre in 1975 and a postgraduate department in 1983.
Event scope: Jammu, India
Evidence: University of Jammu · Department history paragraphs; 1971 research cell, 1975 centre and August 1983 department; publications and workshop
Sport
1975 · year of tournament
India wins the men’s Hockey World Cup
Ajit Pal Singh captained the team in Kuala Lumpur.
Event scope: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Evidence: Utathya Nag; Olympics.com · Men’s Hockey World Cup winners: India’s 1975 captain and 2–1 final
Scientific lives
1979 · year
Abdus Salam shares the Nobel Prize in Physics
A milestone in a career linking theoretical physics and scientific institutions.
Related article scope: Punjab; Britain; Trieste
Evidence: International Centre for Theoretical Physics · “In honor of: Abdus Salam”, paragraphs on the 1979 prize and 1960–1964 foundation
Heritage
1981 · year of inscription
Lahore Fort and Shalamar Gardens inscribed
The two sites were listed together as a World Heritage property.
Event scope: Recognised sites: Lahore, Pakistan
Evidence: UNESCO World Heritage Centre · Property description, Integrity and Protection and management requirements
Science
1983 · award year
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar shares the Nobel Prize
His share recognised theoretical studies of the structure and evolution of stars.
Related article scope: Lahore, Madras and Chicago
Evidence: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences · Prize citation
Violence and accountability
June 1984 · month
Operation Blue Star
Army intervention includes fighting at the Harmandir Sahib complex. The article examines chronology, detention and casualty uncertainty.
Event scope: Amritsar and other locations in Indian Punjab
Evidence: Amnesty International · Printed pp. 210–211, both on PDF p. 111: June chronology, detention correspondence and women/children
Violence and accountability
November 1984 · month
Anti-Sikh violence and the demand for accountability
Targeted attacks on Sikh civilians prompt decades of investigation and demands for accountability.
Event scope: Delhi and other Indian cities
Evidence: Human Rights Watch · “Failure of Police Investigations,” accounts of the first attacks, subsequent organisation and witness intimidation
Diaspora
2 April 1988 · day in opening messages
Northfield gurdwara formally opens
The Sikh Society of South Australia preserves opening messages and its institutional history.
Event scope: Northfield, metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia
Evidence: Sikh Society of South Australia; Ajmer Singh Randhawa and 1988 souvenir contributors · 1978–1988 chronology; Ajmer Singh Randhawa opening speech; Mayor R. J. Norton message for 2 April 1988 Northfield opening
Water and environment
1988 · year
Floods affect Punjab and neighbouring states
Severe floods and flash floods struck Punjab and other northern Indian states during the monsoon.
Event scope: Punjab and neighbouring states in northern India
Evidence: Ranjit Singh · Mausam 43(2), pp. 131–136; abstract, timing, affected states and forecasting analysis
Material evidence
10 April 1990 · day
The present Sanghol Museum building is inaugurated
The district account dates the museum building, distinct from the ancient site and its excavated objects.
Event scope: Sanghol, Fatehgarh Sahib district, Indian Punjab
Evidence: District Administration Fatehgarh Sahib, Government of Punjab · Main description: inauguration, departmental management and excavated collection
Heritage
1997 · year of inscription
Rohtas Fort joins the World Heritage List
UNESCO recognised the fort’s military architecture and its architectural influence.
Event scope: Recognised site: Jhelum district, Pakistan
Evidence: UNESCO World Heritage Centre · Brief synthesis, Integrity and Protection and management requirements; inscription date; site coordinate
Heritage
2008 · year of inscription
Kalka–Shimla Railway joins a World Heritage property
UNESCO extended the Mountain Railways of India listing to include the line.
Event scope: Recognised railway: Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, India
Evidence: UNESCO World Heritage Committee · Decision 32 COM 8B.28, 2008: railway extension
Sport
2008 · year of Games
Abhinav Bindra wins Olympic shooting gold
Bindra won the men’s 10-metre air rifle event at Beijing.
Event scope: Beijing, China
Evidence: International Olympic Committee · Beijing gold
Water and environment
2010 · year
Monsoon floods reach Pakistani Punjab
Floods affected Punjab as well as large areas elsewhere in Pakistan; the impact varied across districts.
Event scope: Punjab and other regions of Pakistan
Evidence: Asian Development Bank and World Bank, with Government of Pakistan · Executive summary and assessment of geographic extent
Craft
2014 · year of inscription
Jandiala Guru metalworking is inscribed
UNESCO recognised the Thatheras’ traditional brass and copper utensil craft.
Event scope: Recognised craft: Jandiala Guru, Indian Punjab
Evidence: UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage; Indian nomination · Actual full element description and 2014 inscription/Decision 9.COM 10.19 fields in retained HTML; nomination/inventory descriptions are same-family representations.
Heritage
2016 · award year
Shahi Hammam conservation receives an award
UNESCO gave the Lahore project an Asia-Pacific Award of Merit.
Event scope: Recognised site: Lahore, Pakistan
Evidence: UNESCO · PDF page 4, Shahi Hammam project profile
Land and agriculture
30 November 2021 · day in presidential list
Farm Laws Repeal Bill receives assent
The presidential list dates assent following protests and parliamentary passage.
Related article scope: Punjab
Evidence: President’s Secretariat, India · Central Bills list, item 1: Farm Laws Repeal Bill, date of assent
Water and environment
2022 · year
Floods affect southern Punjab
Flooding damaged homes and schools in Rajanpur.
Event scope: Rajanpur, southern Punjab, Pakistan
Evidence: Raheel Khan, UNICEF Pakistan · Rajanpur district report; Government Girls’ Primary School, Chak Dilber
Heritage
2023 · award year
Rambagh Gate conservation receives UNESCO award
The award citation recognises restoration and continued community uses in Amritsar.
Event scope: Recognised site: Amritsar, Indian Punjab
Evidence: UNESCO · Award of Excellence: Rambagh Gate and Ramparts, first two paragraphs

How dates are handled

The data sorts BCE and CE years numerically using astronomical years internally: year 0 represents 1 BCE. Within a year, entries without a known month follow those with a stated month; within a month, entries without a known day follow dated days. This display order does not establish the sequence of imprecisely dated events. Display labels retain the source’s actual precision. Historical dates use the convention of the cited source; no calendar conversion is implied.

How dates are handled

History grows clearer when we can check it.