Finding zabar

The dictionary names zabar, zer and pesh as short-vowel marks and notes their frequent omission in adult publications.[1]

The today entry explicitly displays اَج. Locate the small zabar above its initial alif, then follow the final jeem. Copy this marked form exactly rather than adding a different sign from memory. Compare it with the entry’s unmarked headword only after checking the mark’s actual position. The selected today sense remains the vocabulary cue for this example.[2]

Locate zer in the marked day form

The separate day entry displays دِن. Find the small zer below dal and retain the following noon. Compare its position with the above-letter mark in the today example, then copy both complete forms. In the exercise, choose the word with zer by examining the printed sign, followed by a check of the selected meaning. Do not substitute a consonant dot for the vowel mark.[3]

Finding pesh

The far entry explicitly displays دُور. Locate pesh above dal, then follow waw and final re. Copy the complete marked spelling without discarding its middle letter. The exercise asks you to identify the mark itself; the remaining written letters still matter when reading the whole word. Preserve their order as well as the upper sign.[4]

The reference’s vowel table places pesh plus waw in its uu row; the complete far example is not labelled a short vowel.[1]

Your learning objective

Distinguish the printed marks in اَج, دِن and دُور and identify zer in the day form.

Prerequisites: Complete Shahmukhi lesson 16 before this lesson. Level 17 · Shahmukhi.

Check your understanding

Which checked marked form has zer below its first consonant?

Answer: دِن. دِن displays zer below د. اَج shows zabar, while دُور shows pesh.

Interactive feedback and progress appear when the tools load. Answer evidence: PH-LAN-0067-S2 PH-LAN-0067-S3 PH-LAN-0067-S4

Sources & notes

Source records include access dates and, where known, limits on what was examined. Checks used AI assistance; independent human or specialist review has not been completed.

  1. Kanwal Bashir and Abbas Kazmi; Dunwoody Press, University of Chicago digital edition. Punjabi-English Dictionary: front matter and pronunciation guide ↗dictionary teaching apparatus · Source date: 2012 · Locator: Printed p. vi, vowel table; p. vii, opening diacritic paragraph: zabar/zer/pesh and omission in adult print; p. vi, pesh plus waw uu row. Accessed 2026-11-01.Actual 35-page PDF retrieved; specified printed pages read and letter/vowel tables rendered for visual inspection. The dictionary identifies Lahori and other variety-specific evidence; these are not flattened into universal spoken rules. English sound comparisons are not an audio assessment.Return to Finding zabar, paragraph 1 ↑Return to Finding pesh, paragraph 2 ↑
  2. Kanwal Bashir and Abbas Kazmi; Dunwoody Press, hosted by University of Chicago Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Punjabi-English Dictionary: aj ↗authored Punjabi dictionary entry · Source date: 2012; digital data updated August 2023 · Locator: Printed p 19, displayed vocalized اَج, today/now sense 1; same entry as lesson 04. Accessed 2026-11-01.Actual full primary entry body retrieved and the specified spelling, sense or example inspected. This dictionary explicitly targets Pakistani Punjabi; native forms are its published text, not an automatic conversion. Unrelated senses and news examples are not adopted. Roman query keys are index labels, not verified learner pronunciation. Return to Practice exercise ↑Return to Script form 1 ↑Return to Finding zabar, paragraph 2 ↑
  3. Kanwal Bashir and Abbas Kazmi; Dunwoody Press, hosted by University of Chicago Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Punjabi-English Dictionary: din ↗authored Punjabi dictionary entry · Source date: 2012; digital data updated August 2023 · Locator: Printed p 301, displayed vocalized دِن, day/daytime sense 1; same entry as lesson 07. Accessed 2026-11-01.Actual full primary entry body retrieved and the specified spelling, sense or example inspected. This dictionary explicitly targets Pakistani Punjabi; native forms are its published text, not an automatic conversion. Unrelated senses and news examples are not adopted. Roman query keys are index labels, not verified learner pronunciation. Return to Practice exercise ↑Return to Script form 2 ↑Return to Locate zer in the marked day form, paragraph 1 ↑
  4. Kanwal Bashir and Abbas Kazmi; Dunwoody Press, hosted by University of Chicago Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Punjabi-English Dictionary: duur ↗authored Punjabi dictionary entry · Source date: 2012; digital data updated August 2023 · Locator: Printed p 304, displayed vocalized دُور, far/away; same entry as lesson 13. Accessed 2026-11-01.Actual full primary entry body retrieved and the specified spelling, sense or example inspected. This dictionary explicitly targets Pakistani Punjabi; native forms are its published text, not an automatic conversion. Unrelated senses and news examples are not adopted. Roman query keys are index labels, not verified learner pronunciation. Return to Practice exercise ↑Return to Script form 3 ↑Return to Finding pesh, paragraph 1 ↑
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Record PH-LAN-0067 · English edition · human review not performed