Two scripts, new connections
A first encounter with Punjabi, Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi. Start with history and orientation.
100 sourced entries · alphabetical directory · page 3 of 6
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Linguistic studies and catalogue headings use Pahari and Pothwari at different scales. Comparing their actual labels helps explain the debate without prescribing a community’s identity.
A historical door-word entry and a study of borrowed nouns show Persian influence in everyday vocabulary as well as the Punjabi grammatical patterns those words acquire.
Explore overlapping language names, a Leeds-based grammatical study and the problem of recognition in Britain.
Puadhi appears in a 1916 survey of eastern Punjabi speech and in a modern Indian language corpus. Their maps and collected materials serve different purposes.
A transnational research archive and a fiction prize show practical ways Punjabi writing connects people in India, Pakistan and the wider diaspora.
Understand Punjabi adjective agreement through gender, number and case, distinguish changing and unchanged adjectives, and compare documented examples.
Explore colour words and animal-coat qualifications in a Shahpur dictionary, alongside the changing adjective forms of the 1851 Lodiana grammar.
Read compound verbs through the Lodiana grammar’s several classes and Wilson’s root combinations, tracking meaning and which part carries inflection.
Read relative days, weekday alternatives and approximate month correspondences in historical Punjabi tables without treating them as a date converter.
Learn why a Punjabi noun can change before a postposition, why one ending can have different jobs, and how direct forms also occur with some objects.
Compare the Lodiana grammar’s instrumental subject with Wilson’s Shahpur agent case, keeping tense, verb type and regional descriptions together.
Read field and plough terms in a Shahpur list, a herdsman’s word forms in the Lodiana grammar, and a well’s changing meaning in a teaching dialogue.
Read bread, flour and prepared-food distinctions in a historical Shahpur word list, then examine food examples used to explain Punjabi constructions.
Compare documented Punjabi future formations and their auxiliaries, separating a prediction, a possibility and a future action already described as complete.
Explore three written greetings in a New Zealand public resource, then compare questions about names and home in Wilson’s historical Shahpur grammar.
Compare habit and continuing action in the Lodiana and Shahpur grammars, reading complete constructions rather than relying on an English tense label.
Compare two attributed turban expressions with respectful reference and an interjected verb in Wilson’s grammar, keeping literal gloss and use distinct.
Read imperative forms through singular and plural commands, delayed instructions and Wilson’s polite category, keeping historical form and social use distinct.
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