Gurmukhi lesson 12: sihari and bihari
Locate sihari and bihari in checked heart and lamp words, keeping each sign in its written position.
Gurmukhi reading pathway
Two scripts, new connections
Language.
A first encounter with Punjabi, Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi. Start with history and orientation.
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Gurmukhi lesson 13: onkar and dulankar
Distinguish onkar and dulankar below consonants in checked bridge and distance words.
Gurmukhi reading pathway
Gurmukhi lesson 14: lavan and dulavan
Compare lavan and dulavan above their bases through checked meeting and dirt spellings.
Gurmukhi reading pathway
Gurmukhi lesson 15: hora and kanaura
Distinguish hora and kanaura through checked peacock and rice spellings with signs above the first consonant.
Gurmukhi reading pathway
Gurmukhi lesson 16: bindi and tippi
Recognise bindi and tippi in checked mother and mango words without dropping the nasal marks.
Gurmukhi reading pathway
Gurmukhi lesson 17: addak
Use a checked address/leaf contrast to see why addak must be preserved in a word.
Gurmukhi reading pathway
Gurmukhi lesson 18: pairin letters
Recognise a lower RA form in checked words for love and question, keeping the full cluster in place.
Gurmukhi reading pathway
Gurmukhi lesson 19: word spacing and punctuation
Read a checked five-word question, preserving its spaces and question mark while identifying the question word.
Gurmukhi reading pathway
Gurmukhi lesson 20: reading a short checked passage
Read one short checked statement, identify its family and occupation words, and preserve its complete spelling.
Gurmukhi reading pathway
Gurmukhi: history, structure and everyday use
A short guide to Gurmukhi, its historical attribution, its structure and the difference between readable letters and digital encoding.
Indian Punjab and wider reading communities
Hindi and Punjabi: shared inheritances and distinct language histories
Comparative word records show Punjabi and Hindi sharing older Indo-Aryan vocabulary with different forms. Colonial correspondence reveals a separate political argument about their status.
Punjabi and Hindi within northern South Asia
Hindko: language, place and cultural institutions
Read Hindko through northwestern linguistic research, the 2023 census and the work of its own literary institutions.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and connections with northwestern Punjab
Jhangvi and Rachnavi: regional speech and its labels
Jhangvi is documented through an older district description and a recent conversation study. The records reveal local differences within the region as well as comparisons with neighbouring speech.
Jhang district and neighbouring speech regions, Pakistani Punjab
Lahnda: the history of a linguistic category
Understand why Lahnda appears in older scholarship and library records, and why those classifications need context.
Western Punjab and connected northwestern language communities
Landa scripts and mercantile writing in Punjab
Landa names a varied family of regional writing practices. Historical school accounts and script research connect it with arithmetic, correspondence and the practical demands of trade.
Punjab and neighbouring Sindh; wider northern Indian trading networks
Mahajani script and Punjab: accounts, learning and written forms
Mahajani served commercial writing across several northern Indian languages. Its records and teaching materials show how accounting shaped the script’s practical forms.
Punjab within wider northern Indian commercial writing networks
Majhi Punjabi: region, variety and reference
Locate Majhi in Punjabi linguistic descriptions and distinguish it from the separately named Majhi language of Nepal.
Lahore, Amritsar and Gurdaspur connections
Malwai Punjabi: regional speech in words and recordings
Malwai is documented through a regional speech corpus, an acoustic comparison and a text-conversion experiment. Each captures a different part of language use.
Malwa region of Indian Punjab and neighbouring areas
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