Two scripts, new connections
A first encounter with Punjabi, Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi. Start with history and orientation.
100 sourced entries · alphabetical directory · page 4 of 6
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Language-family classification describes historical relationships. Comparative word records show what that means in practice, while keeping scripts and personal identity separate.
Read maternal and paternal distinctions in a Shahpur kinship list alongside the changing forms of father, mother and daughter in an 1851 grammar.
Read Punjabi negation through a historical Shahpur description and a carefully scoped Chakswari comparison, examining negative auxiliaries and clause position.
Understand masculine and feminine noun classes through documented Punjabi examples, with ending clues, exceptions and the regional limits of older grammars.
Distinguish Gurmukhi figures, number names and ordinal positions through two historical grammars, including Shahpur variants and counting conventions.
Compare past participles, auxiliaries and agreement in two historical Punjabi descriptions, keeping a completed event distinct from a perfect or earlier past.
Compare compass terms, rising and setting directions, and local geographical labels in two historical descriptions without turning them into boundary claims.
Follow possessive forms through personal pronouns, agreement with the following noun and reflexive reference in the Lodiana and Shahpur descriptions.
See how Punjabi postpositions follow nouns, connect with oblique forms and express relationships, with examples and regional limits from older grammars.
Read present verb phrases through two historical Punjabi grammars, comparing participles, auxiliaries, agreement and the labels used for each example.
Printing helped make written forms reproducible, but regional vocabulary and spelling choices still required decisions. Type studies and an 1895 dictionary preface reveal that work.
Explore Punjabi pronouns through person, number and respect, including plural forms for one respected person and the agreement that follows them.
Separate tone from loudness and examine a documented Punjabi variety before generalising about pronunciation.
Read how two historical collections explain a proverb’s image, distinguishing an attributed interpretation from a literal scene or practical prediction.
Explore question words for people, things, quantity and kind in two historical Punjabi grammars, with attention to case forms and sentence context.
Trace relative and corresponding forms through person, quantity and kind, then examine one written jo–so connection in Wilson’s historical selection.
Compare Punjabi singular and plural noun patterns, including changing endings, unchanged forms and nasalisation, using two dated grammar descriptions.
Understand what romanization preserves, why catalogues use diacritics, and why a familiar name may have more than one useful spelling.
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How we use sources, explain uncertainty and correct mistakes.
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