Comparing similar forms

Malik’s figure includes both re and retroflex re among its joining-exception examples. Compare ر and ڑ, retaining the small upper marker that distinguishes the latter.[1]

Find re at the beginning of night

The dictionary records رات with a night sense. Find ر at its beginning and follow the remaining alif and te before copying the complete word. Keep the headword as one written unit in your notes, even where the letters do not form one continuous stroke. Cover the meaning and locate its first character again; then uncover the meaning to check your association. This word lets you practise an initial re without mistaking the different joining behaviour of the following letters for an instruction to create new words.[2]

Find retroflex re inside a labelled folklore word

The separate entry gives امڑی as a folklore word for mother, generally used in folk songs or tales. Keep that usage label with the example instead of presenting it as the sole everyday mother word. Find ڑ inside the checked spelling after its beginning, then follow the final letter. Mark that internal position in your notes. Copy the complete headword and compare its marked consonant with the unmarked ر in the night example. The target occurs in a different position, so inspect the whole word before choosing the answer.[3]

Your learning objective

Locate initial ر in رات and medial ڑ in امڑی and retain the complete spellings.

Prerequisites: Complete Shahmukhi lesson 07 before this lesson. Level 8 · Shahmukhi.

Check your understanding

Which checked word contains the marked ڑ inside it?

Answer: امڑی. امڑی contains ڑ within the word and carries the dictionary’s folklore mother label. رات begins with unmarked ر.

Interactive feedback and progress appear when the tools load. Answer evidence: PH-LAN-0058-S2 PH-LAN-0058-S3

Sources & notes

Source records include access dates and, where known, limits on what was examined. Checks used AI assistance; independent human or specialist review has not been completed.

  1. M. G. Abbas Malik; 27 th Internationalization and Unicode Conference, Berlin. Towards a Unicode Compatible Punjabi Character Set ↗primary conference paper · Source date: 2005-04 · Locator: Printed p 3, figure 3: re and retroflex re among the independent/final-shape letters. Accessed 2026-11-01.Actual 9-page PDF inspected; printed pp 2–3 rendered and figures visually checked. Used for specified Punjabi-script observations, not its inconsistent early-history account or a claim that its 2005 proposed repertoire is current Unicode. Chart images are not reproduced.Return to Script form 1 ↑Return to Comparing similar forms, paragraph 1 ↑
  2. Kanwal Bashir and Abbas Kazmi; Dunwoody Press, hosted by University of Chicago Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Punjabi-English Dictionary: raat ↗authored Punjabi dictionary entry · Source date: 2012; digital data updated August 2023 · Locator: Printed p 327, رات headword, night sense 1. Accessed 2026-11-01.Actual full primary entry body retrieved and the specified spelling, sense or example inspected. This dictionary explicitly targets Pakistani Punjabi; native forms are its published text, not an automatic conversion. Unrelated senses and news examples are not adopted. Roman query keys are index labels, not verified learner pronunciation. Return to Practice exercise ↑Return to Script form 2 ↑Return to Find re at the beginning of night, paragraph 1 ↑
  3. Kanwal Bashir and Abbas Kazmi; Dunwoody Press, hosted by University of Chicago Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. Punjabi-English Dictionary: amṛii ↗authored Punjabi dictionary entry · Source date: 2012; digital data updated August 2023 · Locator: Printed p 53, امڑی headword, folklore mother sense and usage label. Accessed 2026-11-01.Actual full primary entry body retrieved and the specified spelling, sense or example inspected. This dictionary explicitly targets Pakistani Punjabi; native forms are its published text, not an automatic conversion. Unrelated senses and news examples are not adopted. Roman query keys are index labels, not verified learner pronunciation. Return to Practice exercise ↑Return to Script form 3 ↑Return to Find retroflex re inside a labelled folklore word, paragraph 1 ↑
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Record PH-LAN-0058 · English edition · human review not performed