An independent reading roomHistory · Language · Living heritage

Collections · A guide to the archive

Coins and catalogue evidence

Compare coin records through identifiers, legends, date ranges, mint fields and the limits of type catalogues.

How to approach this subject

Start with a specific coin or catalogue entry. These guides move between institutional object records, a typological research project and studies of Sikh legends and minting. Keep an individual specimen distinct from a type or currency name. When fields disagree, record the disagreement and its source instead of silently choosing a preferred value. A catalogue description also does not establish that the original coin was examined.

An intentional selection

Begin with these entries

All collections entries
01Collections2 min read

Kushan coins and Punjab: object research guide

Kushan coin catalogues separate ruler, material, regional attribution, findspot and later custody. Three records show why those fields should be preserved together.

Historical Punjab; a Begram comparison and a Northern India catalogue attribution
02Collections2 min read

Indo-Greek coins and Punjab: object research guide

Identified Menander coins show how a museum object, an unknown mint and a shared digital type catalogue answer different research questions.

Northwest India in museum attribution; wider Bactrian and Indo-Greek research context
03Collections2 min read

Sikh Empire coinage: reading legends

Read a Sikh coin’s script, arranged verse and mint wording through identified catalogues, keeping the historical inscription separate from a modern translation.

Amritsar and Lahore; Sikh-period museum records
04Collections2 min read

Nanakshahi coins: catalogue research guide

Compare the term Nanakshahi with a named Amritsar type, a museum overview and the limited specimens actually examined in an early study.

Amritsar and the wider Sikh currency discussion
05Collections2 min read

Lahore mint coins: catalogue research guide

Lahore mint research begins with an object number, the issuer and the catalogue’s separate date systems, rather than the modern location of the collection.

Lahore mint; museum collections in London, Kuwait and Karachi

History grows clearer when we can check it.

How we use sources, explain uncertainty and correct mistakes.

Our approach