River pollution and industrial growth
Industrial and urban growth have affected Punjab’s waterways. Budha Nallah and the Sutlej reveal problems of pollution and governance.
Indian Punjab
Through the centuries
History.
Follow changing landscapes, institutions and everyday lives. Dates and boundaries matter.
180 sourced entries · alphabetical directory · page 6 of 10
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Directory entries
Sapta Sindhu: seven rivers and historical geography
Sapta Sindhu is discussed as a seven-river country. Ancient poetic geography does not establish a fixed modern border or one universal river list.
Punjab, the Indus region and adjacent northwestern river landscapes
Shah Jahan’s architecture in Punjab: royal complexes and provincial patronage
Lahore’s palaces, gardens and a governor’s mosque show different forms of building under Shah Jahan. Architectural research helps connect plans, materials and patronage.
Lahore within Punjab and a wider Mughal architectural programme
Sikh misls and confederacies
The misls joined armed association, territorial acquisition and shared Sikh institutions. Their authority developed through changing alliances before much of it was absorbed into Ranjit Singh’s kingdom.
Punjab
Stubble burning and air pollution history
Examine crop-residue burning in Indian Punjab, its seasonal context and air-quality research.
Indian Punjab
Sufi networks in medieval Punjab
Chishti and Suhrawardi teachers connected Punjab’s towns with wider religious networks through discipleship, hospitality, travel and enduring centres at Pakpattan, Multan and Uch.
Pakpattan, Multan, Uch and connected South Asian centres
Taxila as a centre of learning
Taxila’s learning grew within a landscape of cities, monasteries, shrines and travel routes. Archaeology reveals a changing network rather than one surviving university campus.
Taxila, present-day Pakistan
The 1965 war and Punjab border communities
Military accounts and civilian memories from Khem Karan and Lahore show different experiences of the 1965 India–Pakistan war.
Punjab across India and Pakistan
The 1971 war and Punjab experiences
Memories of blackouts, border fighting and displacement place Punjab within the western front of the 1971 India–Pakistan war.
Punjab across India and Pakistan
The 1988 floods in Punjab
Read about the 1988 floods in Indian Punjab and how meteorologists and researchers documented them.
Indian Punjab
The 2010 floods in Pakistani Punjab
The 2010 Pakistan floods brought agricultural damage and health needs to Punjab; dated assessments show the limits of district-level evidence.
Punjab
The 2022 floods and southern Punjab
Rajanpur accounts and disaster planning show the damage, water difficulties and longer recovery after Pakistan’s 2022 floods.
Punjab
The Ahluwalia misl
Follow Ahluwalia authority through estate succession, an 1806 treaty and the Kotila dispute, keeping separate chiefs, claims and written promises distinct.
Punjab
The Akali movement
The Akali movement campaigned for reform of Sikh gurdwara management in the early 1920s, leading to significant legal changes.
Punjab
The Anandpur Sahib Resolution
The Anandpur Sahib Resolution was adopted by the Akali Dal’s working committee in 1973; its autonomy demands acquired later political interpretations.
Indian Punjab
The annexation of Punjab in 1849
Trace Punjab’s annexation in 1849 through the earlier Lahore settlement, the dated transfer of power and a later critic’s challenge to its justification.
Lahore kingdom and British colonial Punjab
The anti-Sikh violence of November 1984
After Indira Gandhi’s assassination, organised attacks killed thousands of Sikhs in Delhi and elsewhere. Survivors’ long pursuit of justice exposed failures of protection, investigation and accountability.
Delhi and other Indian cities, including places beyond Punjab
The Arab conquest of Sindh and its limits in Punjab
Muhammad ibn Qasim’s campaigns reached Multan in the early eighth century. Their routes and later political changes require a more precise account than the conquest of an undifferentiated Punjab.
Lower Indus and Multan; limits of comparison with the wider Punjab
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