The Babbar Akali movement
The Babbar Akali movement emerged in Punjab in the early 1920s amid anti-colonial agitation and campaigns for gurdwara reform.
Punjab
Through the centuries
History.
Follow changing landscapes, institutions and everyday lives. Dates and boundaries matter.
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The Battle of Chamkaur
Compare Chamkaur’s fortified-house narrative, an early praise poem and later memorial accounts, keeping chronology differences and source limits visible.
Chamkaur Sahib, Punjab
The Battle of Jamrud
Read the 1837 Battle of Jamrud through accounts of a fort, a commander’s death and military withdrawal, keeping their different claims and limits visible.
Jamrud and Peshawar
The Battle of Muktsar
The Battle of Muktsar is remembered through the Forty Liberated Ones and Maghi; accounts of Mai Bhago invite attention to later interpretation.
Khidrana/Muktsar, Punjab
The Battle of Nowshera
Follow Nowshera’s fighting and tributary settlement through an early compilation, then a later study of local poetic memory, retaining chronology limits.
Nowshera and Peshawar
The Battle of the Hydaspes: crossing, combat and sources
A source-led account of the 326 BCE encounter between Alexander and Porus, with disputed tactical detail kept visible.
Hydaspes / Jhelum river region, Punjab
The Bhangi misl
The Bhangi misl was an eighteenth-century Sikh chiefship. Historical accounts trace its leadership, territorial power and changing alliances.
Lahore, Gujrat and Amritsar
The Chenab Colony
Read the Chenab Colony through its later reassessment and administrative ending, alongside an anonymous settler’s account of labour and irrigation difficulties.
Historical Chenab Colony
The Chhota Ghallughara
Trace the 1746 Chhota Ghallughara through Lahore’s campaign, the Kahnuwan retreat, uncertain dates and the design of its later public memorial.
Lahore, Kahnuwan, hill refuges and the Lakhi Jungle
The collapse of the Unionist coalition
Khizar Hayat Tiwana’s coalition fell in March 1947 after sustained political pressure; governor’s rule followed in Punjab.
Undivided Punjab
The compilation of the Adi Granth: collection, organisation and interpretation
Learn how Guru Arjan’s 1604 compilation organised earlier compositions, and how reference accounts and manuscript scholarship interpret it.
Amritsar, Goindval and the transmission of Sikh scripture
The Dal Khalsa
The Dal Khalsa coordinated Sikh fighting groups in eighteenth-century Punjab through joint campaigns, chosen commanders and shared reserves.
Amritsar and military networks across Punjab
The development of Sikh institutions: congregations, regional networks and service
Dharamsalas, manjis and masands connected worship, service and regional organisation. Their changing functions show how Sikh institutions developed across generations rather than in one founding moment.
Punjab and wider Sikh congregational networks
The Dharam Yudh Morcha: Punjab’s 1982–1984 agitation
The Dharam Yudh Morcha began in 1982 amid disputes over autonomy, territory and river waters; its demands and political context remain contested.
Indian Punjab
The division of Punjab archives
After Partition, East and West Punjab faced decisions about administrative records and heritage collections from the undivided province.
Punjab
The division of Punjab university institutions
Partition reshaped the University of the Punjab and higher education across the new India–Pakistan border.
Punjab
The Emergency in Punjab, 1975–1977
India’s 1975–1977 Emergency restricted civil liberties. Punjab’s experience included opposition, detention and political mobilisation.
Indian Punjab
The farmers’ protests of 2020 to 2021
India’s 2020 farm laws prompted mobilisation from Punjab and Haryana, protests near Delhi, a Supreme Court stay and repeal in 2021.
Punjab
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