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Punjabi History

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Correction log

These records describe changes to published entries and link to the evidence notes in each affected article. Dates identify the recorded revision.

Cleveland seal reverse

Clarified that the museum describes suspension through reverse bosses for Indus seals generally, rather than explicitly identifying that feature on the individual seal.

The Cleveland Museum of Art catalogue’s description was checked; the object’s reverse was not independently examined.

Affected entries (1)

Catalogue item dates

Distinguished dates of a radio programme, book, diary edition and cassette sleeve from the publication dates of their online catalogue pages.

The issuing catalogue pages were checked for the item dates; the dates those web pages were published were not established.

Affected entries (6)

Mewa Singh portrait catalogue

Clarified that 1914 is the catalogue’s date for the portrait, and removed an unsupported description of it as a police portrait.

The British Library catalogue labels the image as a 1914 portrait and records the execution; the catalogue page’s publication date was not established.

Affected entries (1)

Pritam Kaur’s coat record

Clarified that the cited museum page displays a photograph and account of the coat.

The Partition Museum’s online record was checked; the physical object and original testimony were not independently examined.

Affected entries (1)

Contributor name in the family archives guide

Corrected the spelling of Saalem Humayun’s given name in the article and source credit.

The Museum of Material Memory’s byline identifies the contributor as Saalem Humayun.

Affected entries (1)

Archive digital availability dates

Dated digital-access statements in the Jallianwala Bagh and Baburnama entries.

The British Library catalogue records were rechecked on 5 November 2026; their access status may change. The manuscript and inquiry evidence were not newly examined.

Affected entries (2)

Book and profile source locators

Added a book’s full title and more specific locators for two artist and writer profiles.

The catalogue and profile pages were rechecked. The book, literary works and employment records were not independently examined in this pass.

Affected entries (3)

Three Tribune report credits and dates

Identified Tribune News Service as the credited source and distinguished report datelines from displayed update dates in three citations.

The newspaper pages were checked for their credits, datelines and displayed update dates; the underlying events, biography and poetry were not independently re-examined.

Affected entries (3)

Four newspaper source credits

Added named writers to four newspaper citations and clarified the displayed update and report dateline in one.

The publisher pages were checked for their bylines and displayed dates; underlying events, objects and performances were not independently re-examined.

Affected entries (4)

Child language brokering: author credit

Named Humera Iqbal alongside Sarah Crafter in the study citation.

The journal paper’s title page and abstract were rechecked in a UCL-hosted copy.

Affected entries (1)

Kanjli wetland: study access

Linked the PubMed citation and abstract for the Kanjli metal study after the publisher page returned a restricted response locally.

The PubMed record was checked for the matching title, authors, DOI and abstract. The publisher’s full paper had been inspected earlier; current full-text access can vary.

Affected entries (1)

Additional source access notes

Recorded current access limits for selected cited sources whose direct requests failed in a local check.

A ranged GET sample checked 44 distinct URLs. Errors record this environment’s response, not proof that a source is permanently unavailable; earlier source inspections remain separately noted.

Affected entries (13)

Kasur: dates in two official descriptions

Linked both sources in the comparison and clarified that their differently worded occupation and incorporation dates do not by themselves establish a direct contradiction.

The federal monument inventory and district history were checked. Their underlying revenue and political records were not independently examined.

Affected entries (1)

Jallianwala Bagh: finding inquiry evidence

Added a British Library catalogue reference for the Amritsar inquiry evidence and removed a repeated opening sentence.

The library catalogue and its current access note were checked. The inquiry evidence volume was not newly consulted, and the catalogue is not treated as witness testimony.

Affected entries (1)

Gondal Bar: land use and geology

Replaced an insufficiently sourced railway reference with attributed land-use context and added detail from the cited geological study. Corrected the title of the historical review.

The journal review and the geological paper’s abstract and scarp section were checked. The colonial sources cited by the review were not independently examined in this pass.

Affected entries (1)

Mukerian: source descriptions

Corrected the description and date of the BHEL project release, clarified the electricity corporation source and supplied a gazetteer locator.

The indexed gazetteer entry, the electricity corporation project description and the dated BHEL release were checked; operational records and the full gazetteer PDF were not newly examined.

Affected entries (1)

Biography date labels

Clarified date ranges in 25 biographies as the article’s focus rather than a person’s lifespan.

Reviewed the visible period field, article summaries and listed source dates. This editorial labelling pass did not independently establish lifespans or recheck every factual claim.

Affected entries (25)

Mushtaq Soofi: period and literary background

Clarified that the biography’s period is a broad historical timeframe, and added attributed recollections of education and literary gatherings.

The English interview transcript and the project listing identifying its interviewer, date and translator were checked; the original recording was not newly examined. The later interview introduction was checked for the two listed poetry collections.

Affected entries (1)

Amarjit Chandan: interview date

Clarified that the transcript and project listing give different months for the 2014 interview.

The transcript opening and Anne Murphy’s UK interview listing were checked. The original recording and an independent chronology were not examined.

Affected entries (1)

Four source-access notes

Updated access notes for a film-festival report, Faisalabad assessment, film-award record and New South Wales parliamentary minutes.

Local requests and available indexed material were checked; one PDF returned content on retry, while the other links timed out, failed certificate validation or were restricted locally. The previously inspected underlying records were not all newly examined.

Affected entries (4)

Five further newspaper source attributions

Added the named writers to five newspaper source records and refined their dates and evidence limits.

Publisher pages were checked for their bylines and displayed dates. The events, recordings, films and recollections behind the reports were not independently re-examined.

Affected entries (5)

Five newspaper source attributions

Added writer names to five newspaper source records and clarified dates or reporting limits where visible.

Publisher pages were checked for their bylines and displayed dates. This metadata pass did not independently re-examine all underlying events, witnesses or the book discussed in the review.

Affected entries (5)

Three institutional source records

Identified the author of the National Park Service’s Thind biography and recorded update labels on that source and two NASA pages.

The cited pages and their visible author or update metadata were checked. Update dates are distinguished from original publication dates; underlying individual records were not newly examined.

Affected entries (3)

Ruchi Ram Sahni: biography details

Added the university biography’s stated release date and specified Manchester as the location of Rutherford’s laboratory.

The university biography, chronology and bibliography were checked. Its note identifies an abridged memoir edition; the original unpublished autobiography and the scanned PDF’s edition were not newly examined.

Affected entries (1)

Potwar and immigration research: source details

Added the Potwar bulletin’s 2007 release date and its earlier research timeline, and identified the presenter and date of National Archives genealogy guidance.

The indexed USGS preface and National Archives presentation were checked. The USGS page returned 403 in the web reader; the chapter had been inspected earlier. The presentation does not establish a particular family’s history.

Affected entries (2)

Bradford mosque: source attribution

Clarified which earlier accounts Seán McLoughlin cites for the Howard Street mosque’s early trustees and practical assistance.

The accepted manuscript and its named citations were checked; Lewis’s and Kepel’s underlying books were not newly examined.

Affected entries (1)

Doabi, Amrita and Bhulath: source access

Updated access notes for three sources and linked the Doabi thesis to its current SOAS repository record.

The SOAS record and abstract were checked in indexed text; the former PDF host failed DNS locally and the current repository returned 403 locally. The Amrita programme failed local certificate validation and the Bhulath profile timed out; their underlying records were not newly inspected.

Affected entries (3)

Food identity: thesis access

Clarified the evidence and access limits for the Mehta thesis cited in the food-identity essay.

The indexed title page and abstract were rechecked. The old PDF address returned HTML locally and the current handle was unavailable to the web reader; the complete thesis and interviews were not newly examined.

Affected entries (1)

Thind: attribution and later administrative decision

Identified Marian L. Smith as the author of the National Archives essay and added its account of the 1945 Noshad Khan administrative decision.

The named essay and its notes were checked; the underlying case files and complete judgments were not newly examined. The later decision is distinguished from a Supreme Court ruling.

Affected entries (1)

Three shared source works

Grouped alternate journal and repository links for three works, and clarified source assignments in the Dulla and Partition-resettlement entries.

The journal record and publisher paper, the Royal Holloway thesis record, and matching journal PDF addresses were compared. This source-identity pass did not independently re-examine all claims in the affected articles.

Affected entries (6)

Shared research citations

Grouped alternate links to two research papers across four articles and shortened passages to respect the shared source limits.

The PubMed and PMC identifiers and journal and author records were compared for the papers. This pass reconciled source identity and did not independently re-examine every underlying claim.

Affected entries (4)

Arora: shared study and source access

Reconciled two citations to the same study, shortened one discussion and linked the surname entry to the journal-hosted PDF.

The journal article’s title and abstract and the author’s institutional publication list were checked; a ranged GET returned PDF content. The study’s full argument and underlying fieldwork were not newly examined.

Affected entries (2)

Two source-access checks

Updated access notes for the Birmingham dissertation and National Book Trust catalogue record after checking misleading HEAD responses.

Both HEAD requests returned 404 locally, while a ranged GET returned PDF content for the dissertation and a GET returned the catalogue page. The referenced indexed passages were also visible in the web reader; the book itself was not read.

Affected entries (2)

Fourteen name-page descriptions

Replaced generic summaries with descriptions identifying the name evidence and individual careers discussed on each page.

Descriptions were checked against existing article text; this metadata pass did not independently re-examine each underlying source.

Affected entries (14)

Kanjli Wetland: study method and assessment date

Identified the 2004 biodiversity assessment, named the water-study authors and described the sampling sites, with a link to the publisher’s full paper.

The biodiversity factsheet and the study’s published methods and findings were inspected. The study does not establish present water quality or a household’s drinking-water safety.

Affected entries (1)

East African railway workers: attribution and context

Clarified the historians cited by Miranda Critchley for recruitment and Goan railway occupations, and added her cited account of Kamba and Kikuyu survey workers and their conditions.

The thesis passage and footnotes were checked; the underlying books and original records were not newly inspected. The added account is not a complete history of African railway workers.

Affected entries (1)

Giani Zail Singh: source attribution

Removed a claim that the current presidential profile traces his Faridkot political involvement, added the official profile to the relevant office and death citations, and identified the author and pages of the book review.

The current official profile and the published book review were checked. The parliamentary PDF timed out during this check; its earlier inspection is recorded with that access limitation.

Affected entries (1)

Haroonabad and Nankana Sahib: source access

Replaced the expired-certificate link for the Haroonabad wastewater study with a university repository copy, and recorded a publisher-access limitation on the Nankana Sahib entry.

The Haroonabad report and the indexed Nankana chapter passage were rechecked; the original 1921 newspaper and present water conditions were not independently examined.

Affected entries (2)

Gurdwara inscriptions: dissertation access

Recorded that local attempts to retrieve the cited Michigan dissertation no longer returned the PDF.

The previously inspected passage was rechecked in an indexed copy; local requests returned HTML or 404. The original inscriptions were not independently examined.

Affected entries (1)

Duleep Singh photograph: collection access

Recorded a local access limitation for the National Trust photograph catalogue citation.

The web reader returned an indexed object record, while local requests redirected or encountered a security check. The original photograph was not examined.

Affected entries (1)

Santokh Singh: Ghadar source address

Corrected the address for Harish K. Puri’s reproduced paper to the working non-www host.

The cited passage and direct HTTPS response were checked. The previous www host produced a certificate hostname mismatch locally; the paper’s underlying sources were not newly examined.

Affected entries (1)

Punjabi Suba fasts: dissertation access and corroboration

Recorded the university dissertation link’s local 404 and added an independent newspaper retrospective on the fasts.

The dissertation’s indexed passage, the encyclopedia entry and the newspaper retrospective were checked through the web reader; direct local access returned 404, 403 and 403 respectively. Underlying contemporary records were not newly inspected.

Affected entries (2)

Thirty-one biography descriptions

Replaced generic search and card summaries with specific descriptions of the biographies’ existing subject matter.

Descriptions were checked against the existing cited article text; this metadata edit is not a new independent review of every claim.

Affected entries (31)

Twenty more biography descriptions

Replaced generic search and card summaries with specific descriptions of the biographies’ existing subject matter.

Descriptions were checked against the existing cited article text; this metadata edit is not a new independent review of every claim.

Affected entries (20)

Fourteen Punjabi place spellings: source access

Recorded an access limitation on the shared Punjabi place-spelling source across fourteen place entries.

A search-indexed extract displayed each cited spelling; direct retrieval timed out in the checking environment. The forum source illustrates written usage and does not establish universal spelling or receive human language review.

Affected entries (14)

Twenty biography descriptions

Replaced generic search and card summaries with specific descriptions of the biographies’ existing subject matter.

Descriptions were checked against the existing cited article text; this metadata edit is not a new independent review of every claim.

Affected entries (20)

Fourteen biography descriptions

Replaced generic search and card summaries with specific descriptions of the biographies’ existing subject matter.

Descriptions were checked against the existing cited article text; this metadata edit is not a new independent review of every claim.

Affected entries (14)

Rojhan, Mian Channu and Jahanian: tehsil census context

Added 2023 tehsil population totals to three place entries, identifying the wider tehsil separately from the town or municipal committee.

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics Table 1, the named tehsil rows, was inspected; the figures reflect 2023 census areas rather than current estimates.

Affected entries (3)

Soon Valley: reported wetlands-plan status

Added a dated report on the 2011 wetlands draft and a proposed review, without presenting the historical report as the current approval position.

Shabina Faraz’s Dialogue Earth report was inspected; the government approval record and reported meeting were not independently examined.

Affected entries (1)

Punjab Reorganisation Act: official source link

Updated four citations to an accessible Ministry of Home Affairs copy of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966.

The dated heading and sections 2–6 were rechecked in the ministry copy. The earlier India Code URL timed out locally; the Act is evidence of statutory provisions, not a current boundary survey.

Affected entries (4)

Surjit Patar: corroborating award source

Added the Sahitya Akademi secretary’s 2024 tribute as another source for the 1993 award and named collection.

The indexed Ministry of Culture PDF was read; a direct local request could not verify the server certificate. The poetry collection itself was not read in this check.

Affected entries (1)

Five biography period labels

Refined the displayed periods for Dayanand Saraswati, Lala Hansraj, Samar Mubarakmand, Didar Sandhu and Bhai Balmukund to distinguish historical activity from later remembrance.

The existing articles and cited records establish the relevant dated activity; the labels describe article scope and do not assert exact life dates.

Affected entries (5)

Amir Haider Khan: memoir and archival record

Clarified the memoir’s prison-writing dates and added the British Library catalogue reference for an India Office file. Corrected the displayed period to the twentieth century.

Bald’s publisher-hosted excerpt and the catalogue metadata were rechecked; the memoir manuscript and physical archive file were not examined.

Affected entries (1)

Vancouver diary: catalogue and translation

Clarified that the catalogue describes and provides access to a translation; it is distinct from the translated diary itself. Updated the direct item link and the second diary’s catalogue title. Condensed the related Vancouver diary description while retaining the catalogue’s dates and contents.

SACDA catalogue items 2021_07_10918 and 2021_07_10919 were rechecked. The diary texts and originals were not newly examined in this pass.

Affected entries (2)

Mughal Lahore: province and imperial capital

Expanded the account of provincial divisions, offices and Lahore’s period as an imperial capital under Akbar.

M. Athar Ali’s UNESCO-hosted chapter, printed pages 306–307, 310 and 322, was inspected; its underlying historical records were not independently checked.

Affected entries (1)

Fateh Singh: parliamentary source identifier

Changed the citation to the dedicated catalogue file for the 6 September 1965 ministerial statement, instead of an unrelated question-paper file whose indexed text included the statement.

The Rajya Sabha catalogue identifies item 529626 and columns 2847–2854. Indexed statement text was checked; the direct PDF redirects to the general debates search page.

Affected entries (1)

Bains and Saund: places and source clarity

Removed a link from Didar Singh Bains’s biography to Nangal town in Rupnagar, which is distinct from Nangal Khurd in Hoshiarpur, and corrected an unsupported statement about a conflict in Saund’s arrival year.

The UC Davis archive names Nangal Khurd; the House’s extended biography gives Saund’s 1920 arrival and cites a passenger list, which was not independently inspected.

Affected entries (2)

Sukhbir: writer’s literary name

Clarified that the cited profile describes Sukhbir as a literary name used for writer Balbir Singh, rather than establishing it as his birth name.

The Free Press Journal retrospective attributes use of the name for his poems to an editor; the original magazine and prison records were not independently examined.

Affected entries (1)

Newspaper references: publication and update dates

Distinguished first-publication dates from later updates on three Indian Express articles and identified a Tribune editorial’s 2025 republication separately from its 1925 original date.

The Indian Express pages’ publication and modification metadata and the Tribune republication’s metadata were checked. The original 1925 facsimile was not independently examined.

Affected entries (4)

Kalanaur: report date and preservation attribution

Corrected the date of the cited Indian Express web update and clarified that the Telegraph travel writer expressed a wish for preservation.

The Indian Express displays an April 1, 2024 update; the Telegraph account expresses the writer’s hope rather than reporting the researchers quoted in the separate article.

Affected entries (1)

Shared citations: statute, grammar and chapter dates

Clarified the date or edition details for shared references in seven articles.

The grammar title and preface, conference paper and Cambridge publication record were checked; the statute’s dated heading had been checked in an earlier pass, while its PDF timed out in this pass.

Affected entries (7)

Toor and Hasrat: literary source details

Flagged inconsistent birthplace details within the cited Krishna Kumar Toor profile and identified the author and date of the Hasrat review.

Rekhta’s profile header and biography give different place information; the ERIC-hosted journal issue identifies Surjit S. Dulai and its 1974 date.

Affected entries (2)

Two biographies: period labels clarified

Separated the dates of later commemorations from the periods of Fahmida Riaz’s and Shehla Zia’s lives and work.

The cited biographical and commemorative accounts record Riaz’s death in 2018 and Zia’s in 2005; the articles discuss later memorial events.

Affected entries (2)

Four articles: source links and Tiwana resignation date

Linked already-listed reports to the relevant paragraphs in three articles and clarified differing accounts of the timing of Khizar Hayat Tiwana’s resignation.

The cited Tribune commentary dates the resignation to 2 March 1947; a University of the Punjab study describes an intention on 2 March and announcement on 3 March. Original official records were not independently examined.

Affected entries (4)

Performer biographies: two references clarified

Added the interview cited in the Divya Dutta article and a relevant report on singing gatherings in the Didar Sandhu article; separated the latter from the artist-catalogue citation.

The Tribune reports record Dutta’s reaction after the award announcement and describe akhara in the context of village fairs and singing.

Affected entries (2)

Bazigar communities: references corrected

Replaced a health-study citation attached to a discussion of a musician with the relevant performance study, and separated references for the different kinds of research.

Gibb Schreffler’s study discusses Garib Dass and dhol performance; S. Sidhu’s article concerns a health-study sample.

Affected entries (1)

Doraha: planning-area wording clarified

Clarified that the Ludhiana plan called for separate development plans for areas outside the municipal limits of the named smaller towns.

The indexed Ludhiana master plan, printed p. 191, identifies Doraha, Mullanpur and Phillaur and describes the scope of those separate plans.

Affected entries (1)

Source dates: census, conference and books

Clarified the distinction between the 1951 census year and its catalogue date, and updated dates for the conference paper, university portrait book, freedom-fighters volume and 1966 Act.

The cited title and imprint pages and the government census catalogue provide these dates; an independent publication imprint for the census volume was not established.

Affected entries (9)

Zainab: interview date and link corrected

Corrected the Canal View interview date from 19 to 28 August 2026 and linked to the publisher’s domain.

The publisher displays 28 August on the article; 19 August appears in its URL path.

Affected entries (1)

Khanpur: place-name attribution clarified

Removed the claim that the municipal committee explicitly distinguishes its Khanpur from the one in Haripur; the article still identifies the relevant district.

The municipal homepage identifies its own authority, but this recheck did not establish the attributed comparison.

Affected entries (1)

Rojhan: flood source date clarified

Changed the district flood page’s publication date from 2022 to not established; 2022 is the date of the flood account, not a confirmed publication date.

The district page’s indexed text describes the 2022 situation but does not establish when the page was published.

Affected entries (1)

Partition overview: gendered violence and archive scope

Added an archival reference on abduction and clarified that one set of government lists covers only part of the wider history.

The LUMS Digital Archive introduction describes its Pakistani government lists and says unreported cases prevent a complete count.

Affected entries (1)

Radcliffe Award: gazette citation clarified

Added a specific scholarly reference for the 17 August gazette and clarified that the linked Chester book was checked through its description and preview.

Reference 7 in Hugh Tinker’s 1977 article identifies the extraordinary gazette and both boundary commission reports; the original gazette was not inspected in this pass.

Affected entries (1)

1984 violence: inquiry chronology clarified

Clarified the cited review’s distinction between initial attacks and the organised violence it says followed, and separately sourced its account of threats to witnesses.

Human Rights Watch’s 2014 review summarises inquiry findings on 31 October and the next morning, and discusses alleged witness intimidation and deaths.

Affected entries (1)

Kapurthala: differing mosque-model accounts

Added the tourism service’s conflicting Córdoba comparison alongside its mosque-specific Marrakesh account; the article no longer presents either as a settled design history.

The ministry’s mosque-specific page names Marrakesh; its Kapurthala city overview names Córdoba. Original architectural plans were not examined.

Affected entries (1)

Political biographies: coalition source and reorganisation date clarified

Added a separate source for the Unionist Party’s cross-community landowner coalition, narrowed a description of a book to the publisher’s visible material, and distinguished the Punjab reorganisation Act’s enactment from its appointed day.

Baqai’s historical study describes the coalition on p. 15; Oxford provides the book abstract and chapter list. Sections 2–5 of the 1966 Act identify the appointed day and territorial changes.

Affected entries (3)

Guru ki Masjid: press-release date corrected

Corrected the cited Sikh Foundation press-release date from 15 August to 5 August 2008.

The PDF itself prints 5 August 2008. Its filename contains 08-15 and does not establish the publication date.

Affected entries (1)

Afghan migration: UNHCR report date corrected

Corrected the report’s publication date from 1981 to 18 August 1982, while retaining 1981 as the period of assistance it describes.

The UNHCR report and UN Digital Library catalogue identify it as A/37/12, dated 18 August 1982.

Affected entries (1)

Punjabi Suba: population and subsequent disputes sourced separately

Separated the 1966 legal boundary changes from the population and subsequent-dispute claims, and added a dated census reference and historical account.

The 1971 Chandigarh census report gives the Punjab Sikh population share in paragraph 8.16; Doad’s reference account identifies outstanding Chandigarh, territory and water issues. The 1966 Act does not itself establish those later claims.

Affected entries (1)

Community-history sources: dates and geographic scope corrected

Corrected a report’s date and clarified that its field survey covered three Indian states outside Punjab; identified an embargoed thesis as an abstract-only source and clarified the local scope of a village study.

The Bhasha report title page dates it October 2021 and names Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. The Erasmus repository identifies an embargo on the Sikligar thesis; the 2015 education working paper identifies the village as Dogora in Faisalabad district.

Affected entries (3)

Yash Chopra: obituary credit corrected

Changed the source credit from a named news agency to the agency credit displayed by the publisher.

The Indian Express page credits “Agencies” and does not name the previously stated agency.

Affected entries (1)

Kamboj: source categories clarified

Corrected wording that had treated a caste category and a religious category in a surname dictionary as though both were religions.

The Dictionary of American Family Names entry as reproduced on Ancestry uses one caste category and one religious category. Neither establishes a particular bearer’s identity.

Affected entries (1)

Original article publication dates restored

Restored the original displayed publication dates for eleven entries after source updates had inadvertently replaced them with revision dates. The newer update dates are retained.

The 3 November source snapshot was compared with the current records; article titles and canonical paths matched. Dates are the dates displayed by that earlier build, not independent public-indexing evidence.

Affected entries (11)

Amandeep: publication date restored

Restored the entry’s original publication date after it was inadvertently changed during a source-note update.

The pre-edit source record and revision history were compared; the original date was 1 November 2026.

Affected entries (1)

Hansraj: dissertation access clarified

Clarified that only the dissertation title and contents were previously checked and removed a general claim that the limited access did not establish.

The Heidelberg repository continued to show an access challenge during this pass. The complete dissertation was not read.

Affected entries (1)

Anna Molka Ahmed: presentation credit corrected

Credited the online presentation to Google Arts & Culture and identified the painting as part of the Lahore Museum collection.

The presentation credits and image description were rechecked. The artwork was not examined in person.

Affected entries (1)

Rawalpindi violence: village study linked

Added the Thoa Khalsa study to the opening paragraph alongside the museum chronology so that the statement about violence against Sikh and Hindu communities has a relevant district-level reference.

The Partition Museum chronology was rechecked; the article’s university-hosted study and its source limitations remain separately identified.

Affected entries (1)

Punjab disappearances: inquiry and compensation sources clarified

Clarified that the CBI had begun inquiries into 2,097 cremations by December 1996 and attributed details of the 2004 compensation order to the NHRC’s summary.

Amnesty’s 1999 report and the NHRC press summary were rechecked. The CBI reports, commission order and police affidavit were not independently examined.

Affected entries (1)

Dhingra: conflicting birth-year source and authors clarified

Linked the government notice directly to its differing birth-year claim and named both authors of the study of the 1909 trial.

The government PDF notice on page 4 was checked using OCR, the South Asian Britain profile was inspected, and the publisher’s indexed article and issue record were checked. Original birth and trial records were not independently examined.

Affected entries (1)

Farm laws repeal: parliamentary and assent records added

Added the official parliamentary answer and presidential assent list to document repeal of the three laws and the date of assent.

The 4 February 2022 written answer and the President’s Secretariat list were inspected; neither reproduces the full repeal Act or Supreme Court order.

Affected entries (1)

Kairon inquiry: claim matched to contemporary source

Removed the statement about Kairon’s subsequent resignation because the cited 1963 parliamentary debate predates it; clarified what the debate does establish.

The Nehru Archive transcript of the 19 November 1963 debate was rechecked; the commission’s later report was not independently examined.

Affected entries (1)

Refugee trains: archive note and minutes distinguished

Distinguished the displayed Cabinet meeting extract from an editorial footnote describing the Delhi–Lahore route instruction and allegations about railway staff.

The Nehru Archive transcript and footnote were rechecked. The original complete minutes and any investigation were not independently examined.

Affected entries (1)

Quit India: memoir geography and thesis credit

Clarified that Indira Kumar recalls a Lahore march but discusses student arrests across India rather than identifying arrests at that march. Added the name and full title of Catherine Coombs’s thesis.

The memoir PDF, the White Rose repository record and the indexed thesis passage were checked. Underlying colonial records were not independently examined.

Affected entries (1)

Nehru–Liaquat agreement: source attribution clarified

Attributed the summary of equal citizenship to Nehru’s cable, and identified his separate letter as a request to implement the agreement. Named the ambassador who reported the diplomatic conversation.

The Nehru Archive transcripts and US Office of the Historian telegram were rechecked. The signed agreement and its local implementation were not independently examined.

Affected entries (1)

Partition: 1949 Act definition clarified

Clarified that the Act’s religious condition applied to boys as well as women, and added its separation, living-arrangement and child provisions. Clarified that a tribunal decided questions when they arose.

The reproduced historical Act, especially sections 2 and 4–8, was rechecked in the Bombay High Court Library. The reproduction includes amendments and is not presented as current law.

Affected entries (1)

Amritsar: rehabilitation sources clarified

Identified the Rohtak gazetteer chapter and the 1997 study by their full titles; narrowed a housing claim to the study’s inspected opening account.

The government chapter and Cambridge extract were checked. Purewal’s opening passage was read through indexed text; its complete article and underlying interviews were not independently examined.

Affected entries (1)

Named sources: citations aligned with claims

Linked three passages to the records they identify for Olympic captaincy, a spelling comparison and a literary survey.

The relevant source records were checked; the complete underlying literary works and original sporting records were not independently examined.

Affected entries (3)

Name references: entry update dates

Recorded 20 source-entry update dates across 16 name articles, separately from original publication dates.

The linked reference pages explicitly label these as entry updates; this date check does not independently establish meanings or verify all article claims.

Affected entries (16)

Food and news references: publication dates

Added publication dates to 18 food and newspaper references, distinguishing recipe-page updates from the origins of dishes; clarified one byline and one title.

Linked publisher pages and structured publication metadata were checked; recipes were not cooked, and reported events and underlying records were not independently examined.

Affected entries (18)

News references: publication dates

Added publication dates to 17 news references across 14 entries and clarified two bylines and one report title.

Publisher pages and publication metadata were checked; the reported events and underlying records were not independently observed or examined.

Affected entries (14)

Flood recovery and Mewa Singh: citations and conflicting dates

Added the missing source for the Rajanpur learning centre, corrected report dates and bylines, and identified conflicting published execution dates for Mewa Singh.

UNICEF reports, two historical studies and the Canadian archival finding aid were checked; the underlying criminal case file and all affected schools were not independently examined.

Affected entries (2)

North American biographies: later citizenship and service sources

Added Thind’s later citizenship and linked the Buckam Singh service paragraph to the museum account it names; attributed and dated the grave claim.

National Park Service, Canadian War Museum, Veterans Affairs and Canadian government accounts were checked; complete naturalisation, military and medical files and a survey of graves were not independently examined.

Affected entries (2)

Theatre, Kartarpur and Rupinder: citation corrections

Added the source for the theatre archive, linked directly to the hockey player’s Olympic record, corrected a reunion-report date and refined source descriptions.

The published trust account, translation, government brief, reports, name reference and profiles were checked; the original performances, signed agreement and family reunion were not independently examined.

Affected entries (3)

Farmers’ protests: song attribution and citations

Corrected which song was reported playing during protest journeys and refined four citations on the farm laws and the 2021 border agitation.

Published reporting, legislative summaries and a parliamentary briefing were checked; the songs, original legal instruments and union meeting were not independently examined.

Affected entries (2)

Community and literary sources: dates and attribution

Corrected the publication date of a colonial-history commentary and refined five literary citations with bylines and locators.

Published commentary, columns, reviews and event reports were checked; original colonial records, events and literary works were not independently examined.

Affected entries (5)

Place sources: dated reports and locators

Added bylines, precise dates and locators to seven reports used in six entries on water, transport and heritage.

Published news reports and a named feature subsection were checked; the sites, historical records and current conditions were not independently surveyed.

Affected entries (6)

Performers and writers: source details

Clarified bylines, precise locators and evidence limits for eight newspaper citations across seven biographies.

The published reports, interview and retrospectives were checked; original films, performances, broadcasts and institutional records were not independently examined.

Affected entries (7)

News citations: bylines, dates and context

Corrected the date of a Ganga Ram report and refined five other news citations on hockey, his legacy and wartime recollections.

Published reports and tributes were inspected; original match records, events, interviews and historical documents were not independently examined.

Affected entries (5)

Historical research citations: authors and evidence limits

Identified authors and complete titles for six citations on education, labour, colonial politics and Partition, and noted shared authorship in the Rawalpindi studies.

Publisher abstracts, indexed text and selected institutional copies were checked; original testimonies, surveys, archival files and physical remains were not independently examined.

Affected entries (5)

Arts and event sources: bylines and access

Added bylines, precise dates and locators to six reports used in four entries on names, a poet and protest songs.

Published newspaper and university reports were checked; events, performances, artworks and underlying records were not independently examined.

Affected entries (4)

Four entries: source identities and agrarian interpretation

Identified the authors and full titles of the Josh dissertation and two canal-colony citations, and attributed a critique of agrarian legislation to its author.

Selected indexed dissertation passages, a downloaded journal issue and publisher text were inspected; underlying official records and original Kirti issues were not independently examined.

Affected entries (4)

Four research citations: attribution and dates

Corrected the Anarkali study’s publication date and named its authors, and clarified authorship, journal details and access for three other citations.

Publisher text or indexed abstracts, an accepted manuscript and university bibliographies were checked; underlying interviews and archival records were not independently inspected in this pass.

Affected entries (4)

Four source records: authors, titles and access

Corrected the journal and author for the Lahore Conspiracy Case citation, completed other research titles and author credits, and clarified the material inspected.

Publisher text or indexed abstracts and an institutional citation were checked. Original case records, flood maps and fieldwork were not independently inspected in this pass.

Affected entries (4)

Campaigns and misls: introductory context

Added introductions to Banda Singh Bahadur’s campaigns, Nadir Shah’s invasion and the Bhangi, Ramgarhia and Sukerchakia misls.

Selected reference and scholarly passages were inspected; underlying archival records were not independently examined for these additions.

Affected entries (5)

Five history entries: introductory context

Added context for the Ahluwalia and Kanheya misls, the Pagri Sambhal Jatta movement, colonial military recruitment and the Rowlatt Act.

Selected reference and scholarly descriptions and existing cited sources were checked; underlying historical records were not independently examined for these additions.

Affected entries (5)

Four colonial-era history entries: introductory context

Added introductory context for Punjabi service in both world wars, the Komagata Maru incident and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

Selected museum and government descriptions were inspected; the additions are not a complete source review of the four entries.

Affected entries (4)

Gurdwara reform and Nankana Sahib: introductory context

Added concise introductions to the movement and the 1921 massacre, with the casualty figure clearly attributed.

Publisher abstracts were checked for the overview; underlying historical records were not independently examined for these additions.

Affected entries (2)

Four biographies: clearer introductions

Clarified the public roles of Sophia Duleep Singh, Jahanara Shahnawaz, Sushila Nayyar and Kamla Bhasin at the start of their entries.

The existing archive, research, institutional and interview sources support the introductory descriptions; this was not a complete review of the biographies.

Affected entries (4)

Madeeha Gauhar and Shehla Zia: introductions

Added short introductions identifying the theatre director and lawyer before their detailed source discussions.

The Prince Claus Fund profile, Ajoka account, published tribute and Supreme Court order provide the cited context.

Affected entries (2)

Writers and scholarship: biographical context

Added introductions for Sharif Kunjahi, Riffat Hassan and Darshan Singh Awara, including conflicting birth dates reported for Kunjahi.

Rekhta and Kazy Javed give different birth dates for Kunjahi; Bates College and the Sikh Encyclopedia supply the other introductory context. Original birth records were not examined.

Affected entries (3)

Four writers: biographical context

Added introductions to Fahmida Riaz, Anis Nagi, Zafar Iqbal and Mustansar Hussain Tarar, noting a birthplace discrepancy for Tarar.

Selected biographical profiles and a Youlin Magazine account were checked; original birth records and Tarar’s cited book were not examined.

Affected entries (4)

Four Urdu writers: biographical context

Added introductory context to the entries for Nasir Kazmi, Ashfaq Ahmed, Bano Qudsia and Kishwar Naheed, including a birthplace discrepancy for Ahmed.

Biographical profiles, a radio remembrance and Naheed’s interview were checked; original birth records were not independently examined.

Affected entries (4)

Colonial administration and land: introductory context

Added sourced introductions to the Board of Administration, land-settlement and Chenab Colony articles.

Selected historical research by Aulakh, Ahmad and Chawla supplies the overviews; the original records cited by those authors were not re-examined in this pass.

Affected entries (3)

Colonial Punjab: context for three entries

Added introductory context to the Lower Bari Doab Colony, 1907 agrarian protests and 1919 martial-law entries.

The additions use selected passages from Aijaz, Sohal and a 1919 House of Lords debate; official claims are attributed and source limits remain visible.

Affected entries (3)

Anglo-Sikh wars: historical overviews

Added introductory summaries of the dates, parties and political outcomes to both war entries.

The National Army Museum’s campaign summaries were checked for the broad chronology, with the limitations of a military perspective noted.

Affected entries (2)

1809 treaty and 1849 annexation: printed terms

Added summaries of the treaty articles and annexation terms using a digitised later treaty collection.

The 1931 printed collection reproduces the 1809 articles and 1849 terms; original signed documents were not examined.

Affected entries (2)

Nankana Sahib: contemporary press source

Replaced a broad claim about the movement with the particular 1921 Tribune position reproduced in the cited compilation, and corrected the research article’s author list.

The indexed chapter reproduces the 25 March 1921 Tribune account; the journal’s own abstract lists all three authors. Neither original newspaper nor full publisher text was examined in this check.

Affected entries (1)

Nangal: wetland designation and source

Added the wetland designation date and replaced an inaccessible news link with the Ramsar information sheet.

The Ramsar information sheet identifies Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary as site 2407, designated on 26 September 2019.

Affected entries (1)

Ghaggar: competing river-history study

Added a source for the earlier proposed Sutlej shift and identified the research team behind that reconstruction.

Khan and colleagues’ indexed 2024 discussion summarises Singh and colleagues’ 2017 reconstruction; Chatterjee and colleagues propose a different history for sampled reaches.

Affected entries (1)

Chenab: Trimmu flood-plan scope

Narrowed the flood-plan description to the Trimmu breaching section and potentially affected villages identified in its table.

The indexed 2021 plan’s table 6.18 was checked; the direct PDF timed out during this review.

Affected entries (1)

Rohtas Fort: bastion counts and citation

Linked the wall description to UNESCO and clarified that UNESCO and the archaeology department give different bastion counts.

The UNESCO description lists 68 bastions; the Pakistan Department of Archaeology and Museums lists 72.

Affected entries (1)

Katas Raj and Malot: source alignment

Narrowed the account of a sacred-pool tradition to the cited report and matched the Malot monument description to its proper source.

The indexed 2017 report describes Katas, while the department and heritage records describe separate aspects of Malot.

Affected entries (2)

Munir Niazi: literary interpretation narrowed

Replaced a detailed description of one critic’s interpretation with a shorter account of the argument stated in the article’s English abstract.

The English abstract was rechecked; the full Urdu article and original poetry collections were not independently reviewed in this check.

Affected entries (1)

Pakistan Punjab: 2023 population precision

Replaced an approximate 127.68 million figure with the exact 2023 provincial census total of 127,688,922 and linked the current official table.

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics 2023 table 1 gives the total in its Punjab provincial row; the earlier press-release link returned 404.

Affected entries (1)

Mughal Punjab: scholarly reference updated

Replaced a third-party copy of Muzaffar Alam’s book with the publisher’s record and narrowed the two entries’ descriptions to its accessible summary.

The Oxford University Press abstract identifies the book’s comparative scope and themes; the full book and underlying primary sources were not newly reviewed for this update.

Affected entries (2)

Lodhran census figure and thesis references

Corrected Lodhran’s 2023 municipal population from 144,360 to 144,512 and replaced the linked housing table with the official urban-population table. Replaced two uses of a restricted thesis with separately published resources.

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics table 2 gives the municipal count. The previously cited thesis stated that publication of information derived from it requires prior written consent.

Affected entries (4)

Childhood displacement: interview source replaced

Replaced a discussion of an interview extract with a separately published account of another childhood journey from Amritsar to Lahore.

The earlier teaching extract stated that it should not be cited without the author’s permission. The revised entry cites an Associated Press report and distinguishes that report from the underlying archive interview.

Affected entries (1)

Jind Kaur: reunion reference

Corrected the organisation named in a paragraph to match its actual cited account, and retained that account’s explicit duration of separation.

The cited research-site narrative was reinspected; the entry’s source note identifies the relevant separation and reunion passages.

Affected entries (1)

Original dictionary references

Matched selected lexical references to inspected original editions or photographic reproductions, corrected page locators and narrowed unsupported etymological claims. Lexical evidence remains separate from documented bearers and personal naming intention.

The affected entries now identify the actual dictionary edition and inspected page. Modern additions and other works on aggregate pages are credited separately.

Affected entries (30)

Mahiya: separate source accounts

Credited the short dictionary definition separately from the signed folk-song discussion, and clarified which track the recording booklet’s nearby translation accompanies.

The named source blocks and original booklet page were checked. Their distinct scope is visible in the article’s bibliography and paragraph citations.

Affected entries (1)

Scope of two history references

Narrowed two passages to the inspected book summaries and clarified the evidence supporting the revised text.

The linked entries identify the actual inspected summaries and the separate source for the retained historical account.

Affected entries (2)

The Dal Khalsa: earlier accounts in a later reconstruction

Clarified that the inspected study incorporates earlier accounts even where their displayed quotations are not reproduced. The historical body is unchanged.

The selected military-system discussion, especially delivered PDF p. 278, was compared with the earlier accounts it draws on. The bibliography now describes that mediated evidence more accurately.

Affected entries (1)

Annexation: chronology and later criticism

Tightened the museum-based overview and added an attributed 1882 critique by Evans Bell, keeping the date of transfer separate from arguments about its justification.

The two museum sections were reread and the title/opening pages of Bell’s original 1882 edition were read and visually checked. Original newspaper letters are not claimed examined.

Affected entries (1)

Indus irrigation and groundwater sources

Replaced project-document citations with directly accessible FAO and World Bank publications and corrected the source descriptions.

FAO irrigation and fisheries chapter; World Bank feature on groundwater management.

Affected entries (1)

Panjnad confluences and weir chronology

Replaced an unrelated fisheries-rules citation with a river-system source and added the project assessment’s differing construction and recommissioning timeline.

Himalayan Forest Research Institute draft report; Rahim Yar Khan irrigation history; Panjnad project environmental assessment.

Affected entries (1)

Partition and resettlement sources

Corrected a thesis title and year, narrowed its evidence to the two cities actually studied, and replaced a craft-history citation for general Partition violence with a relevant library guide.

1947 Partition Archive thesis record; Cambridge journal article; Stanford Libraries Partition guide.

Affected entries (2)

Lahore settlement and later property claims

Added a Lahore neighbourhood study to show how Partition-era housing histories continued into later property disputes, with its fieldwork period and limits stated.

Fatima Tassadiq, PoLAR 45 (2022), Kapoorthala House discussion.

Affected entries (1)

Changa Manga forest report date

Clarified that the cited report’s cover and internal observation dates conflict, so the tree trial cannot be dated solely from its cover.

Pakistan Forest Institute annual progress report cover and Forest Genetics comparison table.

Affected entries (1)

Chandigarh and Shimla sources

Added a study of villages displaced by Chandigarh’s development and corrected the Shimla census citation to the volume containing the historical passage.

Phoebe Springstubb in Architectural Theory Review; Shimla District Census Handbook, Part A.

Affected entries (2)

Derawar master plan date

Removed an unverified 2025 publication date from the master plan citation. The document labels its plan with conflicting years, which do not establish its publication date.

Punjab Urban Unit, Derawar Fort master plan, cover, title page and acknowledgements.

Affected entries (1)

Census publication dates

Corrected 21 census-source publication dates using the official catalogue. A census year in a title identifies its census series and is not necessarily the year the volume appeared.

Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, catalogue metadata, publication date fields for records 28021, 28244, 28465, 28526, 28530, 28795, 29055, 29218, 29505, 31942, 32497, 32597, 44005, 44012, 44014, 44015.

Affected entries (18)

Further census publication dates

Corrected four source records using the catalogue publication year; the date of the census series remains in each title.

Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, catalogue records 1000, 1020 and 31318.

Affected entries (4)

Yash Pal and Chughtai source links

Linked Yash Pal’s death date to an obituary and added museum evidence for Chughtai’s illustrated Ghalib edition and an individual etching. Clarified what was checked in the interview and catalogue records.

Vigyan Prasar, Dream 2047, September 2017, p. 19; Partition Museum collection presentation; Asian Art Museum object 2005.64.32.

Affected entries (2)

Labour migration study attribution and sample

Corrected the journal of a migrant-labour study to Social Change and clarified that the Kanchiyan survey did not reach seasonal and annual migrants who had returned to Bihar.

Verma, Singh and Singh, Social Change 40(3), publisher metadata and abstract; Kaur and Kaur, Journal of Agrarian Change 21(3), survey section and footnote 17.

Affected entries (1)

Nirmal Saini commemorative tournament

Changed a statement that championships were held to reflect the cited report: the event had been announced for later dates.

The Tribune, “Volleyball meet from March 18”, 14 March 2022 dateline.

Affected entries (1)

Hunter Committee thesis repository link

Updated the thesis citation to its current SOAS repository record and documented limitations of the local access check.

SOAS repository record for Peter Graham Robb, The Government of India under Lord Chelmsford, 1916–1921 (1971), including its file listing.

Affected entries (1)

Ghadar newspaper first issues

Added the documented dates of the first Urdu and Punjabi issues and clarified Kartar Singh Sarabha’s printing role.

University of California Berkeley Library, Echoes of Freedom, chapter 7, opening paragraphs.

Affected entries (1)

Partition abduction records and recovery

Added the archive’s account of government recovery ordinances and clarified which records were checked.

Digital Archive, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Partition Abductions 1947, project introduction.

Affected entries (1)

Later proceedings in Sajjan Kumar appeal

Added the Supreme Court’s 1 September 2026 record following the appellant’s death, with its limited scope and no claim about a later outcome.

Supreme Court of India, Criminal Appeal 1642/2018, 1 September 2026 record of proceedings, reproduced by Indian Kanoon.

Affected entries (1)

Dated examples of Sikh educational journalism

Added dated examples from Guntasha Tulsi’s study and made clear that the underlying newspaper issues were not independently consulted.

Tulsi, Colonial Modernity and Native Identity, Indian Journal of Social Enquiry 9(3), printed pp. 83–84.

Affected entries (1)

Chandigarh planning source details

Clarified the planning document’s locator and access limit, identified the architecture volume’s editor and dates, and corrected the news article’s author and exact date.

Chandigarh Master Plan 2031 preamble, printed p. 1; MIT Press online essay and National Library of New Zealand catalogue; Serena Gujral, Indian Express, 21 June 2026.

Affected entries (1)

Encyclopaedia of Sikhism entry authors

Added the named authors printed on twelve encyclopedia entries used in thirteen source records, retaining the university attribution.

Named author signatures at the end of the linked Encyclopaedia of Sikhism entries, Punjabi University.

Affected entries (11)

Punjab Commission report on the fasts

Added an accessible official 1962 account of the fasts and negotiations, attributed as one perspective alongside later research.

Report of the Punjab Commission, 31 January 1962, historical background, reproduced in the Nehru Archive from Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, second series, volume 74.

Affected entries (2)

Indus Waters Treaty tribunal finding

Added the 31 August 2026 tribunal finding and a separately attributed report of India’s response, without asserting a consensus on legal effect.

Permanent Court of Arbitration press release, 31 August 2026, pp. 2–5; Akashvani News, 1 September 2026.

Affected entries (1)

Beas geography source

Replaced an inaccessible state-framework link with an accessible Central Pollution Control Board report and aligned the river description to its stated geography.

Central Pollution Control Board, Assessment of Impact of Lockdown on Water Quality of Major Rivers, 23 September 2020, printed p. 5.

Affected entries (1)

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